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3a^2-6a+3

ay^2-2ay+a

8x^2+16xy+8y^2

3a²-6a+3=3a²-3a-3a+3=3a * (a-1) - 3 * (a-1) = (3a-3) * (a-1) = 3 * (a-1) * (a-1) = 3 * (a-1) ²

ay²-2ay+a=ay²-ay-ay+a=ay * (y-1) - a * (y-1) = (ay-a) * (y-1) = a * (y-1) * (y-1) = a * (y-1) ²

8x²+16xy+8y²=8x²+8xy+8xy+8y²=8x * (x+y) + 8y * (x+y) = (8x+8y) * (x+y) = 8 * (x+y) * (x+y) = 8 * (x+y) ²